Multipling and Dividing

The result of multiplying is the total number (product) that would be obtained by combining several (multipling) groups of similar size (multiplicand). Division is clear as a mathematics connotation which is the opposite procedure of multiplication. From the method of division the amount or relation of 2 numbers can be calculate. Sign of multiplying is ‘*’.The same result can be obtain by recurring multiplying. Otherwise the process of find how many period of one number is including in an additional one. Sign of division is ‘/’ or ‘÷’.If we are combining 6 groups with 3 objects in each group, we could arrive at the same answer by addition. For example, 6+6+6=18 is equivalent to the multiplication equation 6*3=18.

Descriptions about multipling and dividing:-

Steps for multiplying and dividing problems,
Step1:-
Multiplying and division of two digits by the similar signs will be positive sign
• (+ sign) ÷ (+ sign) = (+ sign).
• (- sign) ÷ (- sign) = (- sign).
• (+ sign) * (+ sign) = (+ sign).
• (- sign) * (- sign) = (+ sign).
Step2:-
Multiplying and division of two digits by the dissimilar signs will be negative
• (+ sign) ÷ (- sign) = (- sign).
• (- sign) ÷ (+ sign) = (- sign).
• (+ sign) * (- sign) = (- sign).
• (- sign) * (+ sign) = (- sign).

Example problems for multiplying and dividing:-

Problem1:-
Solve 24 dividing by 8
Solution:-
24 ÷ 8
= 3.

Problem2:-
Solve (-12) dividing by (-2)
Solution:-
(-12) ÷ (-2)
= 6

Problem3:-
Solve 4 dividing by (-2)
Solution:-
4 ÷ (-2)
= -2

Problem4:-
Solve (-9) dividing by 9
Solution:-
(-9) ÷ 9 = -1

Problem5:-
Solve 12 multipling by 3
Solution:-
12*3
=36.

Problem6:-
Solve (-10) multiplying by (-2)
Solution:-
(-10)*(-2)
=20.



Problem7:-
Solve 14 multiplying by (-4)
Solution:-
(14)*(-4)
=-56.

Problem8:-
Solve (-12) multiplying by 3
Solution:-
(-12)*(3)
=-36. 

Frequency Distribution Data

A Frequency Distribution shows us a summarized grouping of data divided into mutually exclusive classes and the number of occurrences in a class. It is a way of showing unorganized data e.g. to show results of an election, income of people for a certain region, sales of a product within a certain period, student loan amounts of graduates, etc. Some of the graphs that can be used with frequency distributions are histograms, line graphs, bar charts and pie charts. Frequency distributions are used for both qualitative and quantitative data.

(Source: Wikipedia)

Types of Frequency Distribution data:

Different types of frequency distribution data are,

• Univariate frequency tables
• Joint frequency distribution

Univariate distribution tables:

                It is a list of values that can be ordered by the quantity. It can show the values for each value appear for number of times.

Joint frequency distribution:

                 It is used as two-way tables. It is also called as bivariate joint frequency distribution.

Example problem for Univariate frequency distribution data:

Example 1:
Construct the univariate frequency distribution table for the given data. For the following students in a class have marks in the exam.
Students scored marks in between 31-40 are 5
                                                        41-50 are 12
                                                        51-60 are 9
                                                        61-70 are 15
                                                        71-80 are 7
                                                        81-90 are 4
                                                        91-100 are 2
Solution:
         Determine the range:
                      100 – 31 = 70
         Determine the intervals:
                   Choose the interval as 10
         Construct the univariate frequency distribution table.

Marks	No of students	Cumulative frequency
31-40	5	5
41-50	12	17
51-60	9	26
61-70	15	41
71-80	7	48
81-90	4	52
91-100	2	54

Joint frequency distribution example problem:

Example 2:
In a school, boys and girls are participated in different sports competition that can be given. Using that set of values construct the joint frequency distribution.
Boys and girls are participated in running, long jump, and volley ball.
In running – 10 boys and 8 girls
In long jump – 8 boys and 7 girls
In volley ball –12 boys and 12 girls are participated.
Solution:
          Construct a joint frequency distribution table for the given set of data.

Joint frequency	Boys	Girls	Total
Running	10	8	18
Long jump	8	7	15
Volley ball	12	12	24
Total	30	27	57

Second Derivative \Help

In calculus (a branch of mathematics) the derivative is a measure of how a function changes as its input changes. Loosely speaking, a derivative can be thought of as how much one quantity is changing in response to changes in some other quantity. The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation. Second derivative is higher derivatives of the function. (Source: Wikipedia) 

Example problems for second derivative help

Second derivative help example problem 1:
      Find the second derivative of the given function f (x) = 5x⁴ + 24x³ + 6.
Solution:
 Given function is f (x) = 5x⁴ + 24x³ + 6
Differentiate the given function with respect to x, we get
                           f'(x) = 20x³ + 72x²
Again differentiate the above function with respect to x, we get
                           f''(x) = 60x² + 144x
Answer:
  Second derivative value is f''(x) = 60x² + 144x
Second derivative help example problem 2:
      Find the second derivative of the given function f (x) = 12x² + 3x + 7.
Solution:
 Given function is f (x) = 12x² + 3x + 7
Differentiate the given function with respect to x, we get
                          f'(x) = 24x + 3x
Again differentiate the above function with respect to x, we get
                         f''(x) = 24
Answer:
  Second derivative value is f''(x) = 24
Second derivative help example problem 3:
      Find the second derivative of the given function f (x) = 6x³ + 5x²
Solution:
 Given function is f (x) = 6x³ + 5x²
Differentiate the given function with respect to x, we get
                          f'(x) = 18x² + 10x
Again differentiate the above function with respect to x, we get
                          f''(x) = 36x + 10
Answer:
  Second derivative value is f''(x) = 36x + 10

Practice problems for second derivative help

Second derivative help practice problem 1:
      Find the second derivative of the given function f (x) = 4x⁴ + 14x³
Answer:
  Second derivative value is f''(x) = 48x² + 84x
Second derivative help practice problem 2:
      Find the second derivative of the given function f (x) = 2x² - 56x
Answer:
  Second derivative value is f''(x) = 4
Second derivative help practice problem 3:
      Find the second derivative of the given function f (x) = x³ - 83x²
Answer:
  Second derivative value is f''(x) = 6x - 166 

Probability Compound Events

An event is a one or more possible outcomes from an experiment. An event consisting of one or more simple events is called compound event. An event is called independent event if one event does not affect the other event. An event is called dependent event if one event does affect the other event. Two events cannot happen at the same time, they are called mutually exclusive events.


Probability Compound Events – Formulas

Probability of two independent events:

P(A and B) = P(A) · P(B)

Probability of two dependent events:

P(A and B) = P(A) · P(B following A)

Probability of two mutually exclusive events:

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)

Probability Compound Events - Examples

Example 1: Find the probability of rolling a dice and getting a 5 on each one.

Solution:

These events are independent.

P(5) · P(5) = (1/6) · (1/6) or (1/36)

Therefore, probability is 1/36.

Example 2: A box contains pen, pencil, and eraser. Find the probability of choosing first pen and then, without replacing the pen, choosing a pencil.

Solution:

These events are dependent.

The first probability is (1/3).

The probability of choosing a pencil is (1/2) since there are now only pen and eraser are left.

The probability of both is

(1/3) · (1/2) = (1/6)

Example 3: What is the probability of choosing a queen and seven with replacement?

Solution:

P(Queen) = 4/52

P(Seven) = 4/52

P(Queen and Seven) = P(Q) · P(S)

= 4/52 · 4/52

= 16/2704

=1/169

Example 4: A box contains 5 rose, 7 brown, 4 black and 8 white marbles. A marble is chosen at random from the box. After replacing it, a second marble is chosen. What is the probability of choosing a brown and a white marble?

Solution:

P(Brown) = 7/24

P(White) = 8/24 = 1/3

P(Brown and White) = P(Brown) · P(White)

= 7/24 · 1/3 = 7/72



Probability Compound Events - Practice problems

Problem 1: What is the probability of choosing a seven and king of diamond with replacement?

Answer: 1/676

Problem 2: A coin is tossed and a 6-sided die is rolled. Find the probability of tail and 5.

Answer: 1/12

Multiplying Trinomials

An Algebraic expression in the form axn is called a monomial in x, where a is a known number, x is a variable and n is a non-negative integer. The coefficient of yn and n has a number, the degree of the monomial. For example, 7x3 is a monomial in x of degree 3 and 7 is the coefficient of x3.When we have  2 monomial in the polynomial function it is known as a binomial , similarly sum of three monomial is called a trinomial. For example, 2x5 – 3x2 + 3 is a trinomial. we can perform various operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Now we are going to see multiplying trinomials.

Methords of multiplying trinomials:

We can multiply the trinomials by using the distributive method, in that there are two methods followed one is Horizontal method, and the other one is vertical method.

Horizontal method:

This horizontal method is one of the distributive methods. This is used for multiplying the trinomials in horizontal form and simplify them.

Vertical method:

This vertical method is one of the distributive methods. This is used for multiplying the trinomials in vertical form and simplify them.

These are illustrated below with examples

Example for multiplying trinomials:

Example 1:

Using the vertical method and multiply the trinomials

(a + 5) (a2 + 7a + 8)

Solution:

Given, (a + 5) (a2 + 7a + 8)

Using vertical method, we multiply the given trinomial

a2 + 7a + 8

a + 5

a3 + 7a2 + 8a                multiply the trinomial a2 +7a + 8 from the second binomial term a.

5a2  + 35a + 40    multiply the trinomial a2 +7a + 8 from the second binomial term + 8

a3 + 12a2 + 43a + 40       (Combine like terms then we get result)

Solution to the given trinomials is a3 + 12a2 + 43a + 40.

Example 2:

Using the horizontal method and multiply the trinomials

(a + 6) ( a2 + 12a + 23)

Solution:

Given

(a + 6) ( a2 + 12a + 23)

Using horizontal method, we multiply the given trinomial

(a + 6) ( a2 + 12a + 23)

Multiply the trinomial a2 + 12a + 23 from the second binomial term a.

(a2 + 12a +23) × (a)

a3 + 12a2 + 23a

Multiply the trinomial a2 + 12a + 23 from the second binomial term 6.

(a2 + 12a + 23) × 6

6a2 + 72a + 138

Group like terms

a3 + 12a2 + 23a + 6a2 + 72a + 138

a3 + 12a2 + 6a2 + 23a + 72a + 138



Combine like terms

a3 + 18a2 + 95a + 138

Solution to the given trinomials is a3 + 18a2 + 95a + 138

Antiderivative of Trigonometric Functions

In calculus, a function F is said to be antiderivative of the function f if the derivative F' = f. The process of finding antiderivatives is called as antidifferentiation.

F(x) = int f(x) dx

Learning antiderivative of trigonometric functions from the tutor is interactive and fun than a book. Students feel more convenience to study antiderivative of trigonometric functions from the tutor.. Tutors conduct the regular tests to improve the student's knowledge about antiderivatives. Following is the list of antiderivatives formulas and example problems to show how the tutor helps to learn antiderivative of trigonometric functions.

Study antiderivative formulas for trigonometric functions from tutor:

int sin x dx = - cos x + C

int cos x dx = sin x + C

int sec2 x dx = tan x + C

int cosec2 x dx = - cot x + C

int sec x tan x dx = sec x + C

int cosec x cot x dx = - cosec x + C

int tan x dx = ln |sec x| + C

int cot x dx = - ln |cosec x| + C

int sec x dx = ln |sec x + tan x| + C

int cosec x dx = ln |cosec x - cot x| + C

Study antiderivative of trigonometric functions with example problems from tutor:

Example problem 1:

Find antiderivative of a function,  f(x) = 7cos (5x)

Solution:

Step 1: Given function

f(x) =7cos (5x)

int f(x) dx = int 7cos (5x) dx

Step 2: Integrate the given function with respect to ' x',

int7cos (5x) dx = 7(sin (5x)) 1/5

= (7sin (5x))/5

Example problem 2:

Find antiderivative of a function y = 5sec2 (9x)

Solution:

Step 1: Given function

y = 5sec2 9x

int y dx = int 5sec2 9x dx

Step 2: Integrate the given function y = 5sec2 9x with respect to ' x',

int5sec2 9x dx = 5tan (9x) 1/9

= (5tan (9x))/9

Example problem 3:

Find antiderivative of a function, f(x) = 5sin (4x) + sec (6x)

Solution:

Step 1: Given function

f(x) = 5sin (4x) + sec (6x)

int f(x) dx = int 5sin (4x) + sec (6x)dx

Step 2: Separate the integral function

int 5sin (4x) + sec (6x) dx = int  5sin (4x) dx + int sec (6x) dx

Step 2: Integrate the above function with respect to ' x ',

int5sin (4x) + sec (6x) dx = (-5cos (4x))/4 + (log (sec (6x) + tan (6x)))/6 + C

Algebra Rational Exponents

Algebra is one of the most basic element of mathematics in which, we switch from basic arithmetic to variables.  Algebra covers a large number of subdivisions like polynomials, rational, exponents, logarithms, expressions etc under it. Exponents are in the form of 'ab ' where a is the base and b is the power (exponent). Exponents in rational form are called as rational exponents. For example: a 1/2 , 'a' has a rational exponent of 1/2. The rules , representation and examples on algebra ational exponents is given in the following sections.

Rational Exponents:

As said earlier rational exponents are in the form  ab/c, where b/c is the rational exponent. Algebra rational exponents can be represented in the following ways.

root(n)(x)  = x^(1/n)

root(3)(x)  = x^(1/3)

root(3)(x^2)  = x^(2/3)

an = b  ===>  a = b^(1/n)

Examples on Rational exponents:

ALgebra Example 1:

Simplify the expression(root(3)(2^3))^4

Solution:

The given expression is (root(3)(2^3))^4

It can be represented as  ((2^3)^(1/3) )4

Therefore, (2^(3/3) )4

= 24

= 2*2*2*2 = 16

Therefore, The simplified answer for the expression is 16.

Algebra Example 2:

Simplify the expression(root(2)(2^3))^4

Solution:

The given expression is (root(2)(2^3))^4

It can be represented as  ((2^3)^(1/2) )4

Therefore, (2^(3/2) )4

= 2^(12/2)

= 26 = 2*2*2*2*2*2 = 64

Therefore, The simplified answer for the expression is 64.

Algebra Example 3:

Simplify the expression(root(2)(2^3))^2

Solution:

The given expression is (root(2)(2^3))^2

It can be represented as  ((2^3)^(1/2) )2

Therefore, (2^(3/2) )2

= 2^(6/2)

= 23 = 2*2*2 = 8

Therefore, The simplified answer for the expression is 8.

Practice problems on rational exponents:

Here are few practice problems given to make sure that the students have learned  the  above mentioned rational exponents concept,

1. Simplify the expression root(5)(x) = 2 , and find the value of 'x'

2. SImplify the expression root(3)(27)

Solution:

1. x =32

2. 3